Macro Environment Pepsi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macro Environment Pepsi - Essay Example The major factors of social and political organization within the vastly diverse population are language, religion and caste. The economy of India is the fourth-largest in the world as gauged by purchasing power parity (PPP), with a GDP of US $3.36 trillion. When measured in USD exchange-rate terms, it is the tenth largest in the world, with a GDP of US $692 billion (2004). (Kapoor, pp 3-5) India was the second fastest emergent major economy in the world, with a GDP growth rate of 8.1% by the end of the first quarter of 2005-2006. Nevertheless, India's massive population results in a comparatively low per capita income of $3,100 at PPP and is classified as a developing nation. For most of its independent history India has adhered to a socialist-inspired approach, with stringent government control over private sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign direct investment. Since the late 1980s, India has slowly opened up its markets through economic reforms by decreasing government controls on foreign trade and investment. Privatization of public-owned industries and opening up of certain sectors to private and foreign players has advanced slowly in the midst of political debate. India has a work force of 496.4 million of which agriculture forms 61% of it, industry 18%, and services 22%. The unemployment rate is at 9%. Agricultural produce include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry and fish. Major industries include textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum and machinery. Over the last 10 or so years, India has also capitalized on its huge number of highly educated people who are fluent in the English language to become a vital location for global companies outsourcing customer service and technical support call centers. It is also a main exporter of skillful workers in software services, financial services, and software engineers. India's key trading partners are the United States, the European Union, Japan, China, and the United Arab Emirates. The standard of living in India is continuously improving and beverages play very important role in the lives of Indians. Consuming soft drinks with fast food meal is a common practice in the country. The single most common factor which is used to measure standard of living is the per capita purchasing power parity (PPP) adjusted gross domestic product (GDP). In 2003, the per capita PPP allocated GDP for India was US$ 3100. These statistics can be compared to $32,000 for the USA, $4,800 for China and roughly $26,000 for most western European countries. With one of the most rapidly growing economies in the world, clocked at an average growth rate of 7% between 2000-2003, India is swift on way to becoming a large and globally important consumer economy. (Kapoor, p -4) The Indian middle class, touted to be anywhere between 100 and 300 million depending on the data used, is rapidly getting used to the Western consumer lifestyle. Despite massive inequalities, the standard of living of the average Indian is gradually but certainly rising and, if existing trends continue, will grow to be around one third that of the developed world (in PPP dollars) by the middle of the 21st century. The living standard in India can range in

Fire Facility Tour Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fire Facility Tour Report - Essay Example They have an engine truck that they use as a backup when necessary. On each of their trucks are printed, â€Å"Dedicated. Professional. Quality. Care. Service.†, which is their theme. In order to properly use this equipment, as well as the self-contained breathing apparatuses, hoses and rescue operations, the fire fighters here undergo a minimum of two years of training. Along with the basic training that they receive, they also undergo aircraft accident response procedures, despite the fact that this fire station is not a first responder to such incidents. However, in the event that an air accident occurs within their jurisdiction, they require training for such responses in their area. Therefore, they have been trained in aircraft accidents, understanding that fires occur in the engines, cabins, wheel well and fuel tanks. They have to understand for their own safety how each material that is used in the building of any aircraft will act in the event of a fire, in order to pr operly evaluate their safety and how to douse the fire quickly and safely. In the last two years, they have responded to two aircraft accidents, which were used as training exercises for the team. They used a single engine Cessna for the training exercise in which the plane was crashed into the ground. There were no injuries, as this was a training exercise that was staged and used only highly trained professionals. This accident happened in a large field about 10 miles from the station. The response time for this fire station to the scene was 20 minutes. It is this type of staged accident that puts the fire fighters’ training to the test. They were sent to the scene of the aircraft accident with three engine trucks, using one from an adjacent fire station, one ladder truck, two rescue ambulances from another jurisdiction and one Battalion Chief. Upon arrival, the men were already in full fire fighting gear. They jumped out of their trucks, grabbed their hoses and ran to the scene of the accident with no hesitation. The fire fighters took a very quick account of the wind direction, where the fire was emanating from within seconds and went to work. The fire was doused within minutes, using a structural fire fighting foam product mixed with the water. This required an exceptional amount of teamwork, coordination and trust in one another. They use this training in the event that the local airport notifies their respective communications center that additional assistance is needed, thus dispatching the Osceola County Fire Department for help. Although there are no mutual aid agreements in place, the Osceola County Fire Department is always ready and willing to be dispatched at any time. They run three eight-hour shifts, with five separate crews on each shift. This allows them to be well manned and ready to respond to any fire, at any time. Touring Lieutenant Huskket’s fire station was not only interesting and educational, but fun as well. It allowed me to learn more about the inner workings of a fire department and what exactly the fire fighters have to endure in training as well as reality. I not only learned about the techniques and tenacity of these brave men, but found a new respect for them and their character as

Comparison of Conventional and Islamic Bank Structures

Comparison of Conventional and Islamic Bank Structures Section 1: Conventional Bank ROA Ratio has been decrease from 2007 to 2009 because the bank has decrease on net profit. After that the ratio has been increase from 2009 to 2011. In ROA it means each $1 invested in assets get $0.0184 profit. ROE ratio has decrease from 2008 to 2010 by 2.73% because the bank has decrease on net profit. After that the bank’s return on equity increases from 2010 to 2011 by1.04%. ROE ratio means each $1 invested in equity can get profit $0.1621. PER Ratio has been decrease from 2007 to 2011 by 0.092. This is because the banks in Bahrain has decreased in profit and increasing on operating expense. Section 2: Islamic Bank ROA has been decrease from 2007 to 2008 by 0.2% and changing to (0.625%) because Ithmour has Net Loss in 2009 after that ROA increse from 2010 to 2011 by 0.19%. That is effect from financial crises. ROE has been decrease from 2007 to 2008 by 4.68% after that changing to (2.36%) in 2009 and (0.91%) in 2010 because ithmaar bank has Net Loss which coming from Financial Crisis. PER has been decrease from 2007 to 2011 by 0.82 because some of Islamic Bank has Net Loss and other has increse in operating expence. This study is aimed to investigate the impact of the changes in internal bank-specific variables and external macroeconomics variables towards Islamic banks’ financial performance in Bahrain during and after the global financial crisis. Comparatively, conventional bank and Islamic bank’s ratio is not equal. In order to investigate the impact of financial crisis towards the banking performance, it is very important to understand the determinants of banking financial performance. Literatures reveal that banking financial performance is influenced by internal and external determinants. ROA and ROE are very important indicators of banking financial performance (profitability) and normally used as the dependent variablesConventional bank’s return on assets, return on equity and profit expense ratios are higher than Islamic bank. Islamic bank given best financial perfomance from 2007 and 2008 than Conventional banking. Due to financial crisis, Islamic banks could not m ange accurately financial performance. From 2007 to 2011, Conventional bank provides best reults of ROA, ROE and PER for periodically. the performance of Islamic banks (IBs) and conventional banks (CBs) during the recent global crisis by looking at the impact of the crisis on profitability, credit and asset growth, and external ratings in a group of countries where the two types of banks have significant market share. Section 1: Conventional Bank (LDR) ratio has been decrease from 2007 to 2011 by 21.01%. It means all banks in Bahrain try to decrease loans and accepted deposits from customers. LDR ratio has been increase from 2007 to 2009 by 22.91% it means Islamic Bank increase Loans to customer after the LDR Ratio decreasing from 2010 to 2011 by 6.19% that is effects from financial crises because the Islamic bank decreased Loans to customer. (CPIDR) has been decrease from 2007 to 2009 by 11.67%. It means banks reduce the cash liquidity because the banks give loans to the customer. But CPIDR increases from 2009 to 2011. (LAR) has been increase from 2007 to 2008 by 15.34%. It means that banks try to gives the customer loans to get interest income. But the ratio has decreases from 2009 to 2011 by 5.39%. Section 2: Islamic Bank (LDR) ratio has been decrease from 2007 to 2011 by 21.01%. It means all banks in Bahrain try to decrease loans and accepted deposits from customers. CPIDR Ratio has been increasing from 2007 to 2009 by 9.52% it means the Islamic Bank keep Liquidity Cash to Cover Deposits Requirements after that decreased by 12.4%. LAR has been decreasing from 2007 to 2011 by 5.67% that means in 2007 the bank gave loans to customer by 40.46% from Assets but after financial crises decreased the Loans to customer. Conventional bank and Islamic bank provides better financial performance. Conventional bank results from 2007 to 2011, LDR results increased to decreased periodic year and almost similar financial position of CPIDR and LAR. In this analysis, financial performance of both banks are better and the same time some ratio results are differ from both banks. Managing liquidity is more challenging in IBs,given the limited capacity of many IBs to attract PSIAs since the return on these accounts is uncertain and the infrastructure and tools for liquidity risk management by IBs is still in its infancy in many jurisdictions. Similarly, the dependence on bank deposits is limited due to a less active market and the absence of an interbank rate, except under the limited reverse Murabahah. While IBs usually maintain higher liquidity buffers to address this risk, limited tools (e.g. sovereign sukuks) for making use of this liquidity prevent IBs from operating at a level playing field with CBs. In add ition, the liquidity support in the form of government deposits is easier to be directed to CBs given the easiness of auctioning government deposits to CBs. This could be due to large liquidity support that was extended to the banking system during the crisis, which limited the impact of this factor. The importance of liquidity risk, making the strengthening of liquidity management a key part of the global reform agenda. Section 1: Conventional Bank (DER) has been increase from 2007 to 2008 after that the ratio decreases from 2008 to 2010 by 1.75% after than increase by 0.82% from 2010 to 2011. (DTAR) has been increase from 2007 to 2011 by 0.01. It means the banks take deposit from customer equal 0.905 from Assets in 2011. (EM) Ratio has been increase 1% from 2007 to 2011. It means in 2011 each $1 invested in Assets financial from equity by $0.11. Section 2: Islamic Bank DER has been increasing from 2007 to 2011 by 1.88 because the Islamic Bank depends on deposits from customer and other banks. But that Ratio it is very risky to banks because liability equal 5 times of equality. DTAR has been decreasing from 2007 to 2011 by 0.04 but the Ratio it very high and risky because Liability equal over 50% of Assets. EM Ratio has incresing from 2007 to 2011 by 3.28 it means the Islamic Bank depond on Liability instead of equity that is very risky for the banks. Compare the performance of Islamic banks (IBs) and conventional banks (CBs) during the recent global crisis by looking at the impact of the crisis on profitability, credit and asset growth, and external ratings in a group of countries where the two types of banks have significant market share. The study suggests that IBs have been affected differently than CBs. Factors related to IBs ‘business model helped limit the adverse impact on profitability in 2008, while weaknesses in risk management practices in some IBs led to a larger decline in profitability in 2009 compared to CBs. IBs credit and asset growth performed better than did that of CBs in 2008–09, contributing to financial and economic stability. External rating agencies re-assessment of Islamic Banks risk was generally more favorable. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: This study is aimed to investigate the impact of the changes in internal bank-specific variables and external macroeconomics variables towards Islamic banks’ financial performance in Bahrain during and after the global financial crisis. This shows that Islamic banking industry is not totally crisis proof. Financial crisis does give an impact upon the Islamic banking performance, particularly in Bahrain, but the effect comes after the crisis period. As one of the fastest growing segments in global financial services, Islamic finance has become systematically important in many markets and too big to ignore in others. While conventional intermediation is largely debt-based and allows for risk transfer, Islamic intermediation, in contrast, is asset based and centers on risk sharing. In addition to providing IBs (Islamic Banks) with additional buffers, these features make their activities more closely related to the real economy and tend to reduce their contribution to excesses and bubbles. Our analysis is suggests that International Banks (IBs) fared differently than did Conventional Banks (CBs) during the global financial crisis. Factors related to IBs business model helpoed contain the adverse impact on profitability in 2008, while weakness in risk management practices in some IBs led to larger decline in profitability compared to CBs in 2009. In particular, adherence to Shariah principles precluded IBs from financing or investing in the kind of instruments that have adversely affected their conventional competitors and triggered the global financial crisis. The weak performance in some countries was associated with name concentration and in some cases, was facilitated by exemptions from concentration limits, highlighting the importance of a neutral regulatory framework for IBs and CBs and strengthening risk management in some banks. IBs credit and asset growth were at least twice higher than that of CBs during the crisis, suggesting a growing market share going forward and larger supervisory responsibility. External rating agencies re-assessment of IBs risk was generally more favorable or similar to that of CBs. Higher solvency has facilitated meeting the relatively more robust demand for Islamic banking finance and maintaining stable external ratings. Lending to the less affected consumer sector has helped support strong credit and asset growth. While the global crisis gave IBs an opportunity to prove their resilience, it also highlighted the need to address important challenges. The crisis has led to greater recognition of the importance of liquidity risks, and the need for efficient bank resolution framework. Hence, building a well-functioning liquidity management infrastructure is a key priority. Moreover, regulators and standard setters for IBs should ensure that the supervisory and legal infrastructure, including for bank resolution, remain relevant to the rapidly changing Islamic financial landscape and global developments. Reform efforts in this regard should interface with the global reform agenda. Greater convergence and harmonization of regulations and products is needed to facilitate an efficient and sustainable growth of the industry. Addressing the above challenges will require that Islamic Banks and supervisors work together to develop the needed human capital.

All For Animals :: essays research papers

All for Animals   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WORDS:592   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is it right to take the life of an innocent animal? Animals have been burnt, crushed, sliced, electrocuted, tortured with drugs, poisoned with toxic chemicals, and tormented in psychological testing. They do all these test just to make money or find if a chemical is safe for humans. Is this right?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Animal testing or vivisection ( as commonly called) promises to cure ills though animal experimentation. If this is stopped, that will be the end of human cures. Dr. Werner Hartinger, MD, surgeon in west Germany, claims that medical science’s great advances could not have been discovered without experimenting on animals. The uninformed public usually agrees to this statement, simply because they rather see a animal die than a person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The public usually don’t see what goes on behind close doors. That is because product testers do not want them to see the animals suffer and die, including dogs, cats, rabbits, monkeys, birds, rats, mice, pigs, birds, fish, reptiles, etc. Each of these animals has the capacity to experience pain, and they can also escape it. However, inside the laboratory there is no escape. To intentionally inflict suffering and eventual death on an animal is a crude practice, one that could result in a criminal convection if done in public under the state’s law. Yet because animal testing is done behind closed doors at the hands of scientists who promises cures in the future, the suffering continues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As science became more advanced, the cruelty became more creative. How could scientist watch those animals be put through torture. A scientists, studying for head trauma strapped an animal in machinery to receive high impact blows to the head that left it with severe head damage. Another time, to examine severe burns to live tissue, pigs were restrained to prevent their escape and then burned alive with a flame thrower until the charred flesh could be removed from the live animals in large pieces. Yet another example, to demonstrate that the eye’s protein levels are not different in sight deprived monkeys compared to normal ones, animal experimenters sewed the monkeys’ eyelids shut.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The point of these horrible animals experiences are cruel. There are thousands of discoveries made without product testing. Some are: discovery of penicillin, development of x-rays, discovery of the relationship between cholesterol and heart disease, which is the number one cause of death in America. Advancements in the human medicine which are based on the human model are the only true reliable and responsible research methods.

Company as a Separate Legal Entity Essay

A legal entity, typically a business, that is defined as detached from another business or individual with respect to accountability. A separate legal entity may be set up in the case of a corporation or a limited liability company, to separate the actions of the entity from those of the individual or other company. Meaning: If a business is a separate legal entity, it means it has some of the same rights in law as a person. It is, for example, able to enter contracts. In New Zealand, a company is a separate legal entity from its owners (shareholders) and can, for example, be sued, and enter into contracts in the name of the company, not the shareholders. Sole traders and partnerships are not separate legal, entities from the owners. Some Business entities like corporation, LLC can exist separately from its owners. In a common language that a corporation is a separate entity of its owners and corporation itself is an entity like human being created through legal or official process. Corporation lives and does its activities at its own existences and is treated in its own capacity. It does the business, it generates the revenue, it can incur losses, it hires the employees and it pays its own taxes. It is a better form of existence for the reason it takes its responsibilities itself, owners are free from their personal liabilities and owners enjoy limited personal liability (risk) only up to their investments in stocks, though there may be certain situations where their personal responsibilities can exceed from limited liability concept. Separate Entity Concept is better choice and it has better features because corporation enjoys separate entity concept, has indefinite life (perpetual). Management and ownership may change but corporation will exist indefinitely at its own existence, unless it is officially dissolved or merged. Corporation has a better scope for large & multiple businesses, expending business, securing debts, attracting investors, retaining professional setup and engaging professional management, promoting & achieving new ideal, expanding its activities at local to global level. Under Separate Entity Concept, Corporation is treated in its own capacity, but it is not a human being, it is an artificial being, therefore, it has to be managed by people in different capacities such as owners, The shareholders were Mr. Salomon,his wife, daughter and four sons. Two of his sons became directors; Mr. Salomon himself was managing director. Mr. Salomon owned 20,001 of the company’s 20,007 shares – the remaining six were shared individually between the other six shareholders. Mr. Salomon sold his business to the new corporation for almost ? 39,000, of which ? 10,000 was a debt to him. He was thus simultaneously the company’s principal shareholder and its principal creditor. Transfer of the business took place on June 1, 1892. The purchase money the company paid to Mr. Salomon for the business was ? 20,000. The company also gave Mr. Salomon ? 10,000 in debentures: that is, Salomon gave the company a ? 10,000 loan, secured by a charge over the assets of the company. The balance paid went to extinguish the business’s debts (? 1,000 of which was cash to Salomon). Soon after Mr. Salomon incorporated his business a series of strikes in the shoe industry led the government, Salomon’s main customer, to split its contracts among more firms. The government wanted to diversify its supply base to avoid the risk of its few suppliers being crippled by strikes. His warehouse, as a consequence, was full of unsold stock. He and his wife lent the company money, and he cancelled his debentures, but the company needed more money, so they sought ? 5,000 from a Mr. Edmund Broderip. Mr. Salomon assigned Broderip his debenture, the loan with ten per cent interest and secured by a floating charge. But Salomon’s business still failed, and he could not keep up with the interest payments. In October 1893, Broderip sued to enforce his security. The company was put into liquidation. Broderip was repaid his ? ,000, and the debenture was reassigned to Salomon, who retained the floating charge over the company JUDGMENT High Court: When the company went into liquidation, the liquidator argued that the debentures used by Mr. Salomon as security for the debt were invalid, on the grounds of fraud. The judge, Vaughan Williams J. accepted this argument, ruling that since Mr. Salomon had created the company solely to transfer his business to it, the company was in reality his agent and he as principal was liable for debts to unsecured creditors. Court Of Appeal: The Court of Appeal also ruled against Mr. Salomon, though on the grounds that Mr. Salomon had abused the privileges of incorporation and limited liability, which the Legislature had intended only to confer on â€Å"independent bona fide shareholders, who had a mind and will of their own and were not mere puppets†. The Lords: The House of Lords unanimously overturned this decision, rejecting the arguments from agency and fraud. They held that there was nothing in the Act about whether the subscribers (i. e. he shareholders) should be independent of the majority shareholder. The company was duly constituted in law and it was not the function of judges to read into the statute limitations they themselves considered expedient. The 1862 Act created limited liability companies as legal persons separate and distinct from the shareholders. Lord Halsbury stated that the statute â€Å"enacts nothing as to the extent or degree of interest which may be held by each of t he seven [shareholders] or as to the proportion of interest or influence possessed by one or the majority over the others. Lord Halsbury remarked that – even if he were to accept the proposition that judges were at liberty to insert words to manifest the intention they wished to impute to the Legislature – he was unable to discover what affirmative proposition the Court of Appeal’s logic suggested. He considered that identifying such an affirmative proposition represented an â€Å"insuperable difficulty† for anyone putting forward the argument propounded by the lord justices of appeal. Lord Herschell noted the potentially â€Å"far reaching† implications of the Court of Appeal’s logic and that in recent years many companies had been set up in which one or more of the seven shareholders were â€Å"disinterested persons† who did not wield any influence over the management of the company. Anyone dealing with such a company was aware of its nature as such, and could by consulting the register of shareholders become aware of the breakdown of share ownership among the shareholders. Lord Macnaghten asked what was wrong with Mr. Salomon taking advantage of the provisions set out in the statute, as he was perfectly legitimately entitled to do. It was not the function of judges to read limitations into a statute on the basis of their own personal view that, if the laws of the land allowed such a thing, they were â€Å"in a most lamentable state†, as Malins V-C had stated in an earlier case in point, In Re Baglan Hall Colliery Co. , which had likewise been overturned by the House of Lords.

The population of Australia is constantly changing

All communities in developed countries, such as Australia, are divisions that constantly change to suit their environment, the environment meaning the demographics of its citizens. A community is a group of people that share a common belief or interest. Over the last sixty years, Australian communities have changed due the varied population and migration policies now enforced. As time goes on, communities will change at an increasing rate. The demographics of a community often control the type of community that will exist: how it will operate. Generally, demographics show the age, status and education that exists within a community. For example, a less isolated, inner-city, urban area will have a generally high education, good job and high standard of living. Ofcourse, a community will attract people of the same background. Another important factor in a community is the technology that is available. The access to technology illustrates the type of background and plays a vital role in a community's development. The lack of technology in rural communities is what often makes them feel very isolated from the outside world. On the other hand, an urban community will have technology that will help them in everyday life and connect them with the rest of the globe. The population of Australia is constantly changing. Like many other countries, it is divided into rural and urban population. The nation has seen a devastating change in population density in rural areas. Residents of rural areas are involved in primary activities such as farming, fishing and mining. The existence of a drought has repelled people from rural areas, making them move to urban areas. This type of migration is called rural-urban migration. As a result, urban areas are experiencing a change in the make-up of communities. The indigenous people of Australia are of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent. After European settlement, the size of the indigenous population declined dramatically. However, this has all changed in the past 60 years. At the end of the 1960's, the indigenous population was at a steady 90, 000 – 100, 000. However, since 1971, the indigenous population has increased to over 400, 000. Migration is the movement of people from one location to another. Overtime, the number, countries of origin and reasons for migrating to Australia has changed. For example, a woman in the 1950's would have migrated to Australia perhaps to escape war, and could have been from a variety of countries. Nowadays, people migrate to Australia for family or job opportunities, and many come from Europe. In the past 60 years, the proportion of overseas born residents in Australia has increased by 12%. These changes started after World War II, when many Australians feared an invasion from countries to the North. One of these countries was Japan, whose navy proposed an invasion in 1942. In Australia, people are employed in 4 main work sectors: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary. In the middle of the twentieth century, service jobs in the tertiary and quaternary industries began to expand. By 1954, there were more workers providing services than there were providing goods. Employment patterns of men and women have changed over the last 25 years. Significantly, the proportion of women who were employed has increased over the period. Changing social attitudes and smaller families have contributed to these changes in women's employment. Greater proportions of women now have higher education qualifications. Education appears to draw women into the workforce by instilling in them more career related attitudes and by enhancing their potential wages in the labour market. Paid work may also provide women with opportunities for social interaction and job satisfaction. However, it is women who continue to carry the greater responsibility for caring and other unpaid work, effectively placing them under increased time pressures. Women's working patterns may impact on their ability to balance work with other responsibilities. Marriage trends in Australia have changed increasingly in the past few decades. Proportion of couples marrying in 2004 who lived together before the wedding: 75 per cent; in the 1970s: 16 per cent. The average age at marriage for men in Australia in 2001 was 31, compared to 26 years old in 1981. For women in Australia the average age at marriage in 2001 was 29, compared to the average age of 23 in 1981. Proportion of couples in Australia living together in 2004 who are married: 87.6 per cent. All in, all out, Australia can only go uphill from here. The Great Southern Land, The Land Down Under†¦Terra Australis is and continues to be the best place to live in, just after Paradise.